Characterization of solutions for bankruptcy problems

This paper provides an analysis of solutions to bankruptcy problems from an axiomatic point of view. In particular, we provide characterizations of certain classes of solutions involving the properties of linearity, symmetry and efficiency. Furthermore, we show that there is a unique solution satisfying the previous axioms and inessentiality.Bankruptcy problems, axiomatic solutions.

Efficiency, egalitarism, stability and social welfare in economics

The Pareto optimal concept does not concern with fairness or equality, it is a concept related to efficiency. In this paper, using techniques from the general equilibrium theory, we relate efficiency, fairness and stability of an economy.Fairness, efficiency, economics welfare

Post-editing neural machine translation versus translation memory segments

The use of neural machine translation (NMT) in a professional scenario implies a number of challenges despite growing evidence that, in language combinations such as English to Spanish, NMT output quality has already outperformed statistical machine translation in terms of automatic metric scores. This article presents the result of an empirical test that aims to shed light on the differences between NMT postediting and translation with the aid of a translation memory (TM). The results show that NMT postediting involves less editing than TM segments, but this editing appears to take more time, with the consequence that NMT post-editing does not seem to improve productivity as may have been expected. This might be due to the fact that NMT segments show a higher variability in terms of quality and time invested in post-editing than TM segments that are 'more similar' on average. Finally, results show that translators who perceive that NMT boosts their productivity actually performed faster than those who perceive that NMT slows them dow

An elementary transfers procedure for sharing the joint surplus in games with externalities

Sánchez-Pérez (2017, Theorem 3) presents an analytic characterization for all solutions for games with externalities that satisfy the axioms of linearity, symmetry, and efficiency. The main goal of this paper is to recast such formulation to a more intuitive interpretation. In particular, we are interested in an interpretation based on the idea of transfers among players

Perception vs. Acceptability of TM and SMT Output: What do translators prefer?

This paper reports the results of two studies carried out with two different group of professional translators to find out how professionals perceive and accept SMT in comparison with TM. The first group translated and post-edited segments from English into German, and the second group from English into Spanish. Both studies had equivalent settings in order to guarantee the comparability of the results. It will also help to shed light upon the real benefit of SMT from which translators may take advantage

A Multi-Core Fibre Photonic Lantern-Based Spectrograph for Raman Spectroscopy

[EN] We report on the development of a compact (volume approximate to 100 cm(3)), multimode diffraction-limited Raman spectrograph and probe designed to be compact as possible. The spectrograph uses 'off the shelf' optics, a custom 3D-printed two-part housing and harnesses a multi-core fibre (MCF) photonic lantern (multimode to few-mode converter), which slices a large 40 mu m multimode input into a near-diffraction-limited 6 mu m aperture. Our unique design utilises the hexagonal geometry of our MCF, permitting high multimode collection efficiency with near-diffraction-limited performance in a compact design. Our approach does not require a complex reformatter or mask and thus preserves spectral information and throughput when forming the entrance slit of the spectrograph. We demonstrate the technology over the interval 800 nm to 940 nm (200 cm(-1) to 2000 cm(-1)) with a resolution of 0.3 nm (4 cm(-1)), but other spectral regions and resolutions from the UV to the near infrared are also possible. We demonstrate the performance of our system by recording the Raman spectra of several compounds, including the pharmaceuticals paracetamol and ibuprofen.This work was supported in part by the University of Sydney under Grant SREI 2020 and in part by JBH's ARC Laureate Fellowship under Grant FL140100278.Betters, CH.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Sukkarieh, S.; Gris-Sánchez, I.; Leon-Saval, SG. (2020). A Multi-Core Fibre Photonic Lantern-Based Spectrograph for Raman Spectroscopy. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. 32(7):395-398. https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2020.2976599S39539832

Hierarchical Bayesian approach for estimating physical properties in nearby galaxies: Age Maps (Paper II)

One of the fundamental goals of modern astrophysics is to estimate the physical parameters of galaxies. We present a hierarchical Bayesian model to compute age maps from images in the H α line (taken with Taurus tunable filter, TTF), ultraviolet band (GALEX far UV, FUV), and infrared bands (Spitzer 24, 70, and 160 μm). We present the burst ages for young stellar populations in a sample of nearby and nearly face-on galaxies. The H α to FUV flux ratio is a good relative indicator of the very recent star formation history (SFH). As a nascent star-forming region evolves, the H α line emission declines earlier than the UV continuum, leading to a decrease in the H α/FUV ratio. Using star-forming galaxy models, sampled with a probabilistic formalism, and allowing for a variable fraction of ionizing photons in the clusters, we obtain the corresponding theoretical ratio H α/FUV to compare with our observed flux ratios, and thus to estimate the ages of the observed regions. We take into account the mean uncertainties and the interrelationships between parameters when computing H α/FUV. We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model where a joint probability distribution is defined to determine the parameters (age, metallicity, IMF) from the observed data (the observed flux ratios H α/FUV). The joint distribution of the parameters is described through independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables generated through MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) techniques

Machine translation for everyone: Empowering users in the age of artificial intelligence

Language learning and translation have always been complementary pillars of multilingualism in the European Union. Both have been affected by the increasing availability of machine translation (MT): language learners now make use of free online MT to help them both understand and produce texts in a second language, but there are fears that uninformed use of the technology could undermine effective language learning. At the same time, MT is promoted as a technology that will change the face of professional translation, but the technical opacity of contemporary approaches, and the legal and ethical issues they raise, can make the participation of human translators in contemporary MT workflows particularly complicated. Against this background, this book attempts to promote teaching and learning about MT among a broad range of readers, including language learners, language teachers, trainee translators, translation teachers, and professional translators. It presents a rationale for learning about MT, and provides both a basic introduction to contemporary machine-learning based MT, and a more advanced discussion of neural MT. It explores the ethical issues that increased use of MT raises, and provides advice on its application in language learning. It also shows how users can make the most of MT through pre-editing, post-editing and customization of the technology

Towards a new classification of galaxies: principal component analysis of CALIFA circular velocity curves

We present a galaxy classification system for 238 (E1-Sdm) CALIFA (Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area) galaxies based on the shapes and amplitudes of their circular velocity curves (CVCs). We infer the CVCs from the de-projected surface brightness of the galaxies, after scaling by a constant mass-to-light ratio based on stellar dynamics - solving axisymmetric Jeans equations via fitting the second velocity moment $V_{\mathrm{rms}}=\sqrt{V^2+\sigma^2}$ of the stellar kinematics. We use principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the CVC shapes to find characteristic features and use a $k$-means classifier to separate circular curves into classes. This objective classification method identifies four different classes, which we name slow-rising (SR), flat (FL), round-peaked (RP) and sharp-peaked (SP) circular curves. SR are typical for low-mass, late-type (Sb-Sdm), young, faint, metal-poor and disc-dominated galaxies. SP are typical for high-mass, early-type (E1-E7), old, bright, metal-rich and bulge-dominated galaxies. FL and RP appear presented by galaxies with intermediate mass, age, luminosity, metallicity, bulge-to-disk ratio and morphologies (E4-S0a, Sa-Sbc). The discrepancy mass factor, $f_d=1-M_{*}/M_{dyn}$, have the largest value for SR and SP classes ($\sim$ 74 per cent and $\sim$ 71 per cent, respectively) in contrast to the FL and RP classes (with $\sim$ 59 per cent and $\sim$ 61 per cent, respectively). Circular curve classification presents an alternative to typical morphological classification and appears more tightly linked to galaxy evolution.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS (Minor changes), 123 pages, 19 figures, 87 Tables (containing the basic properties of the 238 E1-Sdm galaxies; the five main Principal Component Eigenvectors; the five main Principal Components - PC_i; the Multi-Gaussian Expansion models - MGEs; the circular velocity curve models and their uncertainties